Virtual Fencing Technology for Cattle Management in the Pasture Feeding System—A Review

Maximizing annual pasture consumption without negatively impacting individual cow performance is of great importance in grass-based dairy and beef systems due to being the most cost-effective nutrient source. However, disadvantages conventional electric fencing include material labor costs increased manual labor. Virtual has been developed evaluated for almost two decades. The evolution precision livestock farming, specifically virtual fencing, presents new opportunities maximizing utilization available land. technology decreases involved physical provides greater adaptability changes conditions, increases efficiency, offers additional flexibility grazing management practices. that innovative should be further developed, improvements decreasing total system increasing its application other technological groups ruminants, e.g., suckler cows with calves, efficiency operation large areas a larger number animals. Recent advancements electronic communication device (i.e., collar) design hold potential significantly enhance effectiveness while also reducing costs. it necessary conduct evaluation determine their utility agricultural systems. This review paper aims present an concept pastures, compare currently this type, indicate where research development carried out using Internet Things (IoT)